高锟

                     

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   (本文根据 CC-BY-SA 协议转载自原搜狗科学百科对英文维基百科的翻译)

   查尔斯·高锟爵士 GBM KBE FRS [1][2][3](1933 年 11 月 4 日至 2018 年 9 月 23 日)是一位物理学家和电气工程师,他率先在电信领域开发和使用光纤。20 世纪 60 年代,高锟发明了多种方法将玻璃纤维和激光结合起来传输数字数据,这为互联网的发展奠定了基础。

   被誉为 “宽带教父”、“光纤之父”、[4][5][6] 和 “光纤通信之父”[7] 的高锟因 “在光纤通信中光传输方面的突破性成就” 获得 2009 年诺贝尔物理学奖。[8]

   高锟出生于中国上海,是香港永久居民[9],并在英国和美国拥有公民身份。

1. 早期生活和教育

   高锟于 1933 年出生于中国上海,[10] 他的祖籍在金山附近,[10] 当时是一个独立的行政区。[11] 他和哥哥在家庭教师的指导下学习中国古典文学。[12][10] 他还在上海法租界的一所国际学校学习英语和法语,[13] 这所学校是由包括蔡元培在内的一些先驱的中国教育家创办的。[14]

   高锟的家人于 1948 年移居台湾,随后又移居英属香港,[10][15] 1952 年,他在圣约瑟夫学院完成了中学教育(香港中学会考,HKCEE 的前身)。[16][17]他在伍尔维奇理工学院(现在的格林威治大学)完成了电气工程本科学习,获得了工程学士学位。[10]

   之后,他继续研究,并于 1965 年在伦敦大学获得电气工程博士学位,当时他是伦敦大学学院哈罗德·巴洛教授的旁听生,在英国哈洛的标准电信实验室(STL)工作,该实验室是标准电话和电缆的研究中心。[18] 正是在那里,高锟在亚历克·里维斯的管理下,作为一名工程师和研究员,与乔治·霍克汉姆并肩作战,完成了他的第一项开创性工作。

1.1 祖先和家庭

   高锟的父亲高君湘[10] 是一名律师,1925 年从密歇根大学法学院获得法学博士学位。[19] 他是中国苏州大学(当时在上海)比较法学院的教授。[20][21]

   他的祖父高燮是晚清时期的学者、诗人、艺术家[12] 和南方社会的领军人物。[22] 包括高旭、姚光在内的几位作家和高增也都是高锟的近亲。

   他父亲的堂兄弟是天文学家高平子[12][23](高平子环形山就是以他的名字命名的[24])。高锟的弟弟高铻是华盛顿特区美国天主教大学的土木工程师和荣誉退休教授。他的研究领域是流体力学。[25]

   毕业后,高锟在伦敦遇到了他未来的妻子黄美芸,他们都在伦敦的标准电话电缆公司当工程师。[10][26] 黄美芸是英国华裔。[10] 他们于 1959 年在伦敦结婚,[10][27] 有两个孩子,一个儿子和一个女儿,[27] 他们都在加利福尼亚的硅谷生活和工作。[28][29][26] 根据高锟的自传,高锟是天主教徒,而他的妻子参加英国圣公会。[10]

2. 学术生涯

2.1 光纤和通信

图
图 1:一束用于光通信的二氧化硅玻璃纤维,这是全球事实标准。高锟还首次公开表示,高纯二氧化硅玻璃是一种理想的长距离光通信材料。[1]

   20 世纪 60 年代,在位于埃塞克斯哈洛的标准电信实验室(STL),高锟和他的同事在实现光纤作为电信媒介方面做了开创性的工作,证明现有光纤的高损耗是由玻璃中的杂质引起的,而不是技术本身的根本问题。[30]

   1963 年,当高锟首次加入光通信研究团队时,他记录总结了当时的背景情况[31] 和可用技术,并确定了涉及的关键人物。[31] 最初,高锟在安东尼·卡尔鲍伊克(Toni Karbowiak)的团队工作,他在亚历克·里维斯手下研究通信光波导。高锟的任务是研究纤维衰减,为此他从不同的纤维制造商那里收集样本,并仔细研究大块玻璃的性能。高锟的研究初步让他相信是材料中的杂质导致了这些纤维的高光损失。[32] 那年晚些时候,高锟被任命为标准电信实验室光电研究小组的组长。[33] 他于 1964 年 12 月接管了标准电信实验室的光通信项目,因为他的导师卡尔鲍伊克(Karbowiak)去了澳大利亚悉尼新南威尔士大学(UNSW)电气工程学院,担任通信教授。[34]

   虽然高锟接替卡尔鲍伊克担任光通信研究经理,但他立即决定放弃卡尔博维克的计划(薄膜波导),与同事乔治·霍克汉姆(George Hockham)一起全面改变了研究方向。[32][34] 他们不仅考虑了光学物理,还考虑了材料特性。1966 年 1 月,高锟在伦敦向英国电机工程师学会首次提交了研究结果,并于 7 月与乔治·霍克汉(1964-1965 年与高锟合作)一起发表了进一步的研究成果。[35] 这项研究首先从理论上提出用玻璃纤维实现光通信,所描述的思想(特别是结构特征和材料)在很大程度上是当今光纤通信的基础。

   1965 年,[33][36] 霍克汉姆和高锟得出结论,玻璃光衰减的基本极限低于 20 dB/km(分贝/km,是信号在一定距离内衰减的量度),这是光通信的关键阈值。[37] 然而,在测定时,光纤通常表现出高达 1000 分贝/公里甚至更高的光损耗。这一结论开启了寻找低损耗材料和适合达到这一标准的合适纤维的激烈竞争。

   高锟和他的新团队(成员包括戴维、琼斯和赖特)通过测试各种材料来努力达成这个目标。他们精确测量了不同波长的光在玻璃和其他材料中的衰减。在此期间,高锟指出高纯度的熔融石英(二氧化硅)是光通信的理想候选。高锟还指出,玻璃材料的杂质是玻璃纤维内部光传输急剧衰减的主要原因,而不是像当时许多物理学家认为的像散射这样的基本物理效应,这种杂质可以被去除。这导致了高纯度玻璃纤维的全球研究和生产。[38] 当高先生第一次提出这种玻璃纤维可以用于远距离信息传输,并且可以代替那个时代用于电信的铜线时,他的想法被广泛地怀疑;后来人们才意识到高锟的想法彻底改变了整个通信技术和行业。[39]

   他还在光通信的工程和商业实现的早期阶段发挥了主导作用。1966 年春天,高锟前往美国,但未能引起贝尔实验室(Bell Labs)的兴趣,当时贝尔实验室是 STL 在通信技术方面的竞争对手。[40] 他后来去了日本并获得了支持。[40] 高锟参观了许多玻璃和聚合物工厂,与包括工程师、科学家、商人在内的许多人讨论了玻璃纤维制造的技术和改进。1969 年,高锟和琼斯测量了体积熔融石英的固有损耗为 4 dB/km,这是超透明玻璃可能存在的第一个证据。贝尔实验室开始认真考虑光纤。[40]

   高锟开发了玻璃纤维波导的重要技术和配置,并为满足民用和军用应用要求的不同纤维类型和系统设备以及光纤通信外围支持系统的开发做出了贡献。20 世纪 70 年代中期,他在玻璃纤维疲劳强度方面做了开创性的工作。当被任命为第一位 ITT 执行科学家时,高锟推出了 “兆比特技术” 计划,解决信号处理的高频极限,因此高锟也被称为 “兆比特技术概念之父”。[41] 高锟已经发表了 100 多篇论文,获得了 30 多项专利,其中包括防水高强度纤维(与马克拉德公司合作)。[42]

   在光纤开发的早期阶段,高锟已经强烈地倾向于使用单模进行长距离光通信,而不是使用多模系统。他的设想后来被采纳,现在几乎被完全应用。[38][43]高锟也是现代海底通信电缆的梦想家,并在很大程度上推动了这一想法。他在 1983 年预测,世界海洋将遍布光纤,比这种跨海洋光纤电缆首次投入使用提前了五年。[44]

   阿里·贾文引进稳定的氦氖激光器和高锟发现光纤损耗特性在现在被认为是光纤通信发展的两个重要里程碑。[34]

2.2 之后的工作

   高锟于 1970 年加入香港中文大学(CUHK)成立了电子系,后来成为电子工程系。在此期间,高锟是读者,然后是香港中文大学的电子系教授;他建立了电子专业的本科生和研究生课程,并管理他的第一批学生毕业。在他的领导下,香港中文大学成立了教育学院和其他新的研究机构。他于 1974 年回到美国国际电视电报公司(当时卫星电视公司的母公司),在弗吉尼亚州罗诺克工作,先是担任首席科学家,后来担任工程总监。1982 年,他成为第一位国际电视电报公司执行科学家,常驻在康涅狄格州的高级技术中心。[45] 在那里,他担任耶鲁大学特鲁姆布尔学院的兼职教授和研究员。1985 年,高锟在西德 SEL 研究中心呆了一年。1986 年,高锟担任国际电话电报公司研究公司董事。

   他是最早研究香港填海造地对环境影响的人之一,并于 1972 年在爱丁堡举行的英联邦大学协会(ACU)会议上陈述了他的第一份相关研究报告。[45]

   高锟在 1987 年至 1996 年期间担任香港中文大学副校长。[46] 自一 1991 年起,高锟成为香港精电国际有限公司独立非执行董事及审核委员会成员。[47][48] 1993 年至 1994 年,他担任东南亚高等教育机构协会主席。[49] 1996 年,高锟向耶鲁大学捐款,并设立了高琨基金研究基金,以支持耶鲁在亚洲的研究、研究和创新项目。[50] 该基金目前由耶鲁大学东亚和东南亚研究委员会管理。[51]。1996 年从香港中文大学退休后,高锟在伦敦帝国理工学院电气与电子工程系休了六个月的假;从 1997 年到 2002 年,他还在同一系担任客座教授。[52]

   高先生曾担任香港能源咨询委员会主席及委员两年,并于 2000 年 7 月 15 日退休。[53][54] 高锟先生是香港创新科技顾问委员会成员,于 2000 年 4 月 20 日获委任。[55] 2000 年,高锟参与创立了位于香港数码港的独立学校基金会学院。[56] 他在 2000 年是 ISF 的创始主席,并于 2008 年 12 月从 ISF 董事会卸任。[56] 高锟是 2002 年在台湾台北举行的电气电子工程师协会全球电信展的主讲人。2003 年,高锟被任命为国立台湾大学电子工程与计算机科学学院电子研究所的教授。高锟随后担任香港电信咨询公司环球科技服务有限公司的董事长兼首席执行官。他是 ITX 服务有限公司的创始人、董事长兼首席执行官。自 2003 年至 2009 年 1 月 30 日,高锟担任独立非执行董事及未来媒体审计委员会委员。[57][58]

3. 荣誉和奖项

   高锟获得了许多荣誉和奖项,其中最著名的是诺贝尔物理学奖。他的奖项包括:

3.1 荣誉

3.2 社会和学术认可

3.3 荣誉学位

图
图 2:亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔,电信先驱,伦敦大学学院校友,1876 年被授予美国第一个电话专利。90 年后的 1966 年,高锟和霍克汉姆在《光纤通信》上发表了他们开创性的文章。高锟也是伦敦大学学院校友,并于一九八五年获颁著名的 IEEE 亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔奖章。2010 年,高锟被伦敦大学学院授予荣誉博士学位。

3.4 奖项

图
图 3:古列尔莫·马可尼,无线通信的先驱,获得了 1909 年诺贝尔物理学奖的一半。2009 年,在马可尼获诺贝尔奖 100 周年,高锟因其在光纤领域的开创性工作而获得了该奖项的一半。高锟还于 1985 年获得马可尼奖,并是马可尼学会的会员。

   高锟把他的大部分奖牌捐给了香港中文大学。[59]

3.5 命名

图
图 4:香港科学园的标志性礼堂自 2009 年 12 月 30 日起以高锟的名字命名。

3.6 其他奖项

4. 晚年与死亡

   高锟的国际旅行让他认为他属于世界而不是任何国家。[119][120] 2010 年,高锟夫妇在一封公开信中澄清道:“查尔斯在香港念高中,在这里教书,他是香港中文大学的副校长,后来也在这里退休。所以他是香港人。”[121]

   制陶是中国的传统手工艺,也是高锟的爱好。高锟还喜欢看武侠小说。[122]

   2009 年 10 月 6 日,高锟因其在光纤中的光传输和光纤通信研究中的贡献而被授予诺贝尔物理学奖,[123] 他说,“我简直说不出话来,从未想过会获得这样的荣誉。”[124][124] 高锟的妻子格温告诉媒体,在向美国政府纳税后,奖金将主要用于查尔斯的医疗费用。[125] 2010 年,查尔斯·高和格温·高建立了查尔斯·高阿尔茨海默病基金会,以提高公众对该疾病的认识,并为患者提供支持。

   高锟从 2004 年初起就患有阿尔茨海默氏症,有语言障碍,但识别人或地址没有问题。[126] 高锟的父亲也患有同样的疾病。从 2008 年开始,为了住在他的孩子和孙儿附近,他从香港搬去美国加州山景城。[127]

   2016 年,高锟失去了保持平衡的能力。在痴呆症末期,他由妻子照顾,不打算靠生命补给维持生存,也不打算给自己做心肺复苏术。[127] 高锟先生于 2018 年 9 月 23 日在香港布拉德伯里临终关怀医院去世,享年 84 岁。[128][129][130][131]

5. 笔记

   a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fibre.

   b: Some sources show around 1964, [132] [133] for example, " By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard." from Cisco Press. [132]

   c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, " for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications". [134]

   d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as People's Republic of China. [134]

   e: OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference [134]

6. 参考文献

   [1] ^Charles K. Kao was elected in 1990 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for pioneering and sustained accomplishments towards the theoretical and practical realization of optical fibre communication systems..

   [2] ^"- Royal Society"..

   [3] ^"The Fellowship – List of Fellows". Raeng.org.uk. Retrieved October 26, 2009..

   [4] ^dpa (October 6, 2009). "PROFILE: Charles Kao: 'father of fibre optics,' Nobel winner". Earthtimes. Retrieved November 30, 2009..

   [5] ^Record control number (RCN):31331 (October 7, 2009). "'Father of Fibre Optics' and digital photography pioneers share Nobel Prize in Physics". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original (cfm) on January 25, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2009..

   [6] ^Bob Brown (Network World) (October 7, 2009). "Father of fiber-optics snags share of Nobel Physics Prize". cio.com.au. Retrieved November 30, 2009..

   [7] ^"Prof. Charles K Kao speaks on the impact of IT in Hong Kong". The Open University of Hong Kong. January 2000. Retrieved December 24, 2009..

   [8] ^The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009..

   [9] ^高锟. 香港百人 (in 粤语, 中文, and 英语). Asia Television. 2011..

   [10] ^Kao, Charles K. (2013) [original Chinese translation published in 2005]. 潮平岸阔——高锟自传 [A Time And A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir] (autobiography). Translated by 许迪锵 ("First" ed.). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN 978-962-04-3444-0..

   [11] ^历史沿革. Government of Jinshan District, Shanghai. Retrieved 27 September 2018..

   [12] ^范彦萍 (10 October 2009). 诺贝尔得主高锟的堂哥回忆:他儿时国学功底很好 [Interview of Kao's cousin]. Youth Daily. Shanghai. Retrieved October 9, 2009 – via eastday.com..

   [13] ^高锟. 杰出华人系列 (documentary and oral history) (in 粤语, 中文, and 英语). Radio Television Hong Kong. 2000. Event occurs at 12:00 to 13:00. Retrieved 27 September 2018..

   [14] ^陶家骏 (June 1, 2008). "Archived copy" 著名女教育家陶玄 [Famous Female Educator Tao Xuan]. 绍兴县报 [Shaoxing County News]. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2009.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link).

   [15] ^“光纤之父” 高锟离世 享年 84 岁 (16:56). Online instant news section. Ming Pao. Hong Kong: Media Chinese International. 23 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018..

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   [19] ^University of Michigan Law School: Alphabetical List with Year of Law School Graduates.

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   [23] ^高平子先生简介. 青岛天文网--中国科学院紫金山天文台青岛观象台/青岛市天文爱好者协会. February 8, 2006. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2009..

   [24] ^"Lunar Crater Statistics". NASA. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009..

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