磨损是一个胶合、擦伤、磨蚀、划伤或磨耗破损的过程。它可以通过在受控过程中添加磨料实现。之所以会出现磨损这种不良结果,是因为零件的使用不当或工作环境恶劣
古代的石雕艺术家利用磨损来创作雕塑作品。艺术家们用碳质石灰岩和刚砂石这类致密的石头来摩擦相对较软的石头,比如石灰石和花岗岩。不同大小和形状的磨料,以及摩擦时磨料的不同转动方式,会在较软的石头表面产生不同的效果。产生的磨屑也会被冲刷石头表面的水流带走。研磨可以让石头变成永恒的艺术作品,但这是一个漫长而乏味且需要耐心的过程。
阿尔卡德方程(Archard equation)是一个基于粗糙接触理论,用于描述滑动磨损的简单模型。
不同材料和结构对磨损的抵抗性可以通过多种测试方法来测量。[1]这些测试方法通常使用特定的磨料或其他受控的研磨手段。经过测试得出的试验结果可以与相同测试条件下得出的结果进行比较。
这种标准化测量可以产生两个量:磨损率和标准化磨损率(也称为耐磨性指数)。前者是每1000次磨损循环的质量损失量。后者是前者与某些特定参考材料的已知磨损率的比率。[2]
磨损磨砂测试仪是一种用于获得磨损率和归一化磨损率的仪器,它由机械臂、液体泵和可编程电子器件组成。测试仪上带有刷子(或砂纸、海绵等)的机械臂放置于被测试材料的表面。操作员为可重复和受控的结果设置预编程的通过次数。液体泵可以在测试期间向机械臂提供洗涤剂或其他液体,以模拟洗涤和其他测试条件。[3]
通过控制磨损的产生这一方法,如使用适当的润滑剂,或给物体镀一层耐磨材料,可以有效减缓磨损。
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^"ASTM C535 - 16 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine". www.ASTM.org. Retrieved 18 May 2017..
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^"ASTM D5963 - 04(2015) Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader)". www.ASTM.org. Retrieved 18 May 2017..
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^"ASTM G174 - 04(2009)e1 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Materials by Abrasive Loop Contact". www.ASTM.org. Retrieved 18 May 2017..
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^"JSA Web Store - JIS K 7204:1999 Plastics -- Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels". www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. Retrieved 18 May 2017..
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