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愈创木酚

编辑

愈创木酚是一种天然存在的有机化合物,分子式为 C6H4(OH)(OCH3),1826年首次由奥托·乌科尔登分离出来[1]。虽然有多种生物可合成愈创木酚[2],但这种黄色芳香油状液体通常来自愈创木或木杂酚油。样品暴露在空气和光线下会变暗。愈创木酚存在于木材烟雾中,是木质素热解的产物。这种化合物有助于增加多种物质的风味,例如威士忌[3]和烘焙咖啡[4]

1 制备编辑

愈创木酚是由邻儿茶酚甲基化产生的;例如,使用碳酸钾和硫酸二甲酯:[5]

C6H4(OH)2 + (CH3O)2SO2 → C6H4(OH)(OCH3) + HO(CH3O)SO2

1.1 实验室方法

愈创木酚可通过多种实验室方法制备。邻茴香胺由茴香醚经两步反应得到,可通过其重氮衍生物水解。愈创木酚可以通过邻苯二酚的二甲基化,然后选择性单脱甲基来合成[6]

C6H4(OCH3)2 + C2H5SNa[7] → C6H4(OCH3)(ONa) + C2H5SCH3

2 用途和化学反应编辑

愈创木酚是各种香料的前体,如丁香酚[8]和香草醛[9]。据估计,世界上85%的香草醛供应量来自于愈创木酚。该路线需要乙醛酸与愈创木酚缩合生成扁桃酸,扁桃酸被氧化生成苯乙醛酸。这种酸经过脱羧生成香草醛[10]

2.1 作为信息素

沙漠蝗虫的肠道通过分解植物,可以产生愈创木酚。这个过程是由肠道细菌成团泛菌(肠杆菌属)进行的。它是导致蝗虫群集的主要信息素成分之一[11]

3 安全性编辑

甲氧基苯酚是生物质烟雾暴露的潜在生物标志物,例如吸入木质烟雾。膳食中甲氧基苯酚的来源超过了吸入暴露于木质烟雾的贡献[12]

参考文献

  • [1]

    ^Stevens, M. E.; Ronan, A. K.; Sourkes, T. S.; E. M., Boyd (1943). "On the Expectorant Action of Creosote and the Guaiacols". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 48 (2): 124–127. PMC 1827660. PMID 20322688..

  • [2]

    ^Duffey, S. S.; Aldrich, J. R.; Blum, M. S. (1977). "Biosynthesis of phenol and guaiacol by the hemipteran Leptoglossus phyllopus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 56 (2B): 101–102. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(77)90029-3..

  • [3]

    ^Gallegos, Jenna (August 17, 2017). "The best way to drink whiskey, according to science". The Washington Post. Guaiacol is what gives whiskey that smoky, spicy, peaty flavor..

  • [4]

    ^Dorfner, R.; Ferge, T.; Kettrup, A.; Zimmermann, R.; Yeretzian, C. (Sep 2003). "Real-time monitoring of 4-vinylguaiacol, guaiacol, and phenol during coffee roasting by resonant laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (19): 5768–5773. doi:10.1021/jf0341767. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 12952431..

  • [5]

    ^Fiege, Helmut; Voges, Heinz-Werner; Hamamoto, Toshikazu; Umemura, Sumio; Iwata, Tadao; Miki, Hisaya; Fujita, Yasuhiro; Buysch, Hans-Josef; Garbe (2005), "Phenol Derivatives", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313.

  • [6]

    ^(1988) "Orcinol Monomethyl Ether". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 6: 859..

  • [7]

    ^Sodium ethanethiolate.

  • [8]

    ^(1955) "o-Eugenol". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 3: 418..

  • [9]

    ^Esposito, Lawrence J.; Formanek, K.; Kientz, G.; Mauger, F.; Maureaux, V.; Robert, G.; Truchet, F. (1997). "Vanillin". Kirk–Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 24 (4th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 812–825..

  • [10]

    ^Vidal, J. (2007). "Vanillin" (PDF). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 25 (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 544–556. doi:10.1002/0471238961.2201140905191615.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-23896-6..

  • [11]

    ^Dillon, Rod J.; Vennard, Chris T.; Charnley, A. Keith (2000-02-24). "Pheromones: Exploitation of gut bacteria in the locust". Nature. 403 (6772): 851. doi:10.1038/35002669. PMID 10706273..

  • [12]

    ^Smith, K. R. (2005). "Critical review of the health effects of woodsmoke" (PDF). School of Public Health, University of Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-10..

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