植物化学物质是由植物产生的化合物,通常用于帮助它们茁壮成长或挫败竞争对手、捕食者或病原体。该名称来自于现代希腊语来自希腊语 φυτόν (phyton),意即:“plant”,意为“植物”。一些植物化学物质已被用作毒药,而另一些被用作传统药物。
植物化学物质通常用于描述正在研究中的对健康没有确定作用的,在科学上没有被定义为人体必需的营养素的植物化合物。 欧美的食品标签监管机构已颁布行业指导,限制或防止食品或营养品标签的植物性化学物质的健康声明。
顾名思义,植物化学物质(Phytochemical)是由植物产生的化合物,是植物通过初级或次级代谢途径产生的化学物质。[1]植物化学物质一词来自希腊语φυτόν,意为“植物”。[2][3]它们通常在植物宿主中具有生物活性,并在植物生长或防御竞争者、病原体或捕食者方面发挥作用。[2]
植物化学物质通常被认为是研究化合物,而非必需营养素,因为尚未证实它们可能对健康产生影响。[4][5]所研究的植物化学物质可分为几大类,如类胡萝卜素[6]和多酚,其中包括酚酸、类黄酮和芪类 / 木脂素。[5]黄酮类化合物可根据其相似的化学结构进一步分为几类,如花色苷、黄酮、黄烷酮、异黄酮和黄烷醇。[5][7]黄烷醇还被进一步分为儿茶素、表儿茶素和原花青素。[5][7]
植物化学家首先从原始植物中提取和分离化合物,然后在实验室模型系统中(例如细胞培养,体外实验,或使用实验动物进行体内研究)定义结构或进行测试,来研究植物化学物质。[2]该领域面临的挑战包括分离特定化合物并确定其结构(通常很复杂),以及确定哪种特定植物化学物质对某一特定的生物活性起主导作用。[2]
在对细胞作用或机制没有具体了解的情况下,植物化学物质已被用作毒药和传统药物。例如,具有抗炎和镇痛作用的水杨苷最初是从白柳树的树皮中提取,随后被人工合成成为常见的非处方药阿司匹林。[8][9]颠茄(A. belladonna)的托烷生物碱颠茄被用作毒药,早期人类用这种植物制作毒箭。[10]在古罗马,克劳迪斯皇帝的妻子小阿格里皮娜(Agrippina)听取专门研究毒药的洛库斯塔的建议将其用作毒药,而利维雅据说用它杀死了她的丈夫奥古斯都皇帝。[10][11]
长期以来,人们认为英国紫杉树的叶子和浆果对动物和儿童都具有极强的毒性;然而,在1971年,人们从其中分离出紫杉醇,随后成为一种重要的抗癌药物。[2]
截至2017年,人们对大多数植物化学物质的生物活性了解甚少,无论是在分离中还是作为食物的一部分。[2][5]在人体内具有既定作用的植物化学物质被归类为必需营养素。[4][12]
植物化学物质包括人类必需的营养素化合物,这些营养素天然地存在于植物中,是正常生理功能所必需的,因此需要从饮食中获得。[12][13]
一些植物化学物质是已知的对人类有害的植物毒素;[14][15]例如,马兜铃酸在低剂量下就会致癌。[16]一些植物化学物质是抗营养物质,会干扰营养物质的吸收。[17]其他诸如一些多酚和类黄酮,在高摄入量的情况下可能是助氧化剂。[18]
不易消化的植物化学物质 膳食纤维[19]现在被普遍认为是一种营养成分,已获得经健康声明批准,可用于降低某些类型癌症[20]和冠心病的风险。[21]
多吃水果、蔬菜、谷物、豆类和植物饮料对健康有长期益处,[12]但是没有证据表明饮食中摄取从植物中提取的非营养植物化学物质同样有益健康。[4]卫生当局既不推荐植物化学补充剂来改善健康状况[5][22]监管机构也没有批准产品标签上的健康声明。[23][24]
尽管卫生当局鼓励消费者食用富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物、豆类和坚果的饮食来改善和保持健康,[12]但没有证据表明这种影响是来自特定的非营养植物化学物质。[4]例如,系统性综述和/或荟萃分析表明,食物中的植物化学物质对乳腺癌、肺癌或膀胱癌有影响的证据是很微弱的或缺失的。[25][26]此外,美国法律对产品标签上关于摄入植物性食物如何影响癌症的论述是有限制的,除了提及对饮食具有一定健康益处的植物化学物质,如膳食纤维、维生素A 和维生素C 之外,不提及任何其他植物化学物质。[27]
在欧洲和美国,一些植物化学类物质(如多酚)被明确禁止出现在食品标签,因为没有证据表明多酚与抑制或预防任何疾病之间存在因果关系。[23][28] 美国食品和药物管理局发现,没有足够的证据证明,类胡萝卜素(如番茄植物化学物质、番茄红素)对任何种类的癌症产生影响,因此,关于如何在标签上描述含番茄红素的产品的论述十分有限。[29]
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