姜黄素是一种从姜黄根茎中提取得到的黄色色素。它是最主要的姜黄色素(curcuminoid)类物质,约占姜黄色素的70%,约为姜黄的3%~6%。姜黄素常作为草药补充剂、化妆品成分、食品调味料和食用色素出售。除了姜黄素之外,这一类化合物还包括脱甲氧基姜黄素(10~20%)、脱二甲氧基姜黄素(10%)和六氢姜黄素等。
从化学上来说,姜黄素是二芳基庚酸,属于姜黄素类化合物,是导致姜黄黄色的天然酚类。它是一种互变异构化合物,在有机溶剂中以烯醇形式存在,在水中以酮形式存在。[1]
姜黄素结合了几个功能基团,其结构在1910年首次被发现。[4] 芳香环系是酚类,由两个α,β-不饱和羰基连接。二酮形成稳定的烯醇,并且容易去质子化形成烯醇盐;α,β-不饱和羰基是良好的迈克尔受体,并经历亲核加成。
姜黄素被用作硼的络合指示剂。[5] 它与硼酸反应生成红色化合物,ROS酞菁。
姜黄素的生物合成路线尚不确定。1973年,粗略和怀汀提出了姜黄素生物合成的两种机制。第一种机制涉及肉桂酸和5个丙二酰辅酶a分子的扩链反应,最终芳基化为类姜黄素。第二种机制涉及由丙二酰CoA偶联在一起的两个肉桂酸酯单元。两者都以肉桂酸为起点,肉桂酸来源于氨基酸苯丙氨酸。[6]
从肉桂酸开始的植物生物合成与更常见的相比是罕见的 p香豆酸。[6] 只有少数鉴定出的化合物,如阿尼戈鲁丰和松素,是由肉桂酸构成的。[7][8]
在试管内姜黄素具有多种干扰特性,可能导致结果的误解。[13][13][13] 尽管姜黄素已经在许多实验室和临床研究中进行了评估,但它没有通过精心设计的临床研究确定的医学用途。[14] 根据2017年对120多项研究的回顾,姜黄素在任何临床试验中都没有成功,导致作者得出结论,“姜黄素是一种不稳定、反应性、不可生物利用的化合物,因此是一种极不可能的先导物”。[13]
美国政府已经支持了150美元 通过国家补充和综合健康中心对姜黄素进行了数百万次的研究,但没有发现姜黄素作为药物治疗的支持。[13][15]
巴拉特·阿格瓦尔是德克萨斯大学医学安德森癌症中心的癌症研究员,截至2018年4月,他因研究欺诈撤回了19篇论文。[16][17] 阿格沃尔的研究集中在草药和香料,尤其是姜黄素的潜在抗癌特性上 休斯顿纪事报“吸引了全国媒体的兴趣,并为正在进行的临床试验奠定了基础”。[18][19][20] 阿格沃尔于2004年在北卡罗莱纳州三角研究公园共同创立了一家名为库里制药公司的公司,该公司正在寻求开发基于姜黄素合成类似物的药物。[19][21] 寻求开发姜黄素脂质体制剂的SignPath Pharma公司于2013年向安德森医学博士授予了阿格沃尔发明的三项与该方法相关的专利。[22]
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